Joint Health in Dogs: Recognising and Managing Osteoarthritis
Dr. James O'Brien
DVM, Emergency Specialist · Omelo Vet
Osteoarthritis (OA) - also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) - is one of the most common and underdiagnosed conditions in dogs. It affects approximately 20% of adult dogs (over age 1) and up to 80% of dogs over age 8. Despite this prevalence, a significant proportion of affected dogs never receive treatment, largely because owners mistake the signs for 'normal ageing' and because dogs are stoic about pain.
**What is osteoarthritis?**
OA is a progressive, degenerative condition where the articular cartilage that cushions joint surfaces breaks down over time. As cartilage thins and disappears, bone surfaces begin to contact each other, causing inflammation, the formation of bony spurs (osteophytes), thickening of the joint capsule, and ultimately significant, chronic pain.
Risk factors
: - Age (the biggest risk factor) - Breed predisposition: Labradors, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, and large/giant breeds generally - Obesity: The single most modifiable risk factor - excess weight dramatically increases joint load and systemic inflammation - Previous joint disease: Hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, cruciate ligament disease - Prior joint injuries
How to recognise OA in your dog
- signs are often subtle:
- Stiffness that improves with gentle movement ('warming out of it')
- Shorter walks, tiring more easily
- Altered gait - bunny-hopping on rear legs, shorter stride
- Behavioural changes: irritability, reduced tolerance for handling, not wanting to play
- Muscle loss (atrophy) - particularly noticeable on thighs and shoulders
- Licking or chewing at specific joints
Diagnosis
: Clinical examination and X-rays confirm OA. Radiographic changes include narrowed joint spaces, osteophytes, and sclerosis of subchondral bone.
Management - a multimodal approach
:
1. **Weight management**: Losing just 6–8% of body weight in overweight dogs significantly reduces lameness and improves quality of life - more effectively than many medications.
2. **Appropriate exercise**: Consistent, low-impact exercise (leash walks, swimming, hydrotherapy) maintains muscle mass and joint lubrication better than boom-and-bust patterns.
3. **NSAIDs**: Veterinary NSAIDs (meloxicam, carprofen, deracoxib) are the most effective analgesics for OA. Long-term use requires regular bloodwork monitoring (kidney and liver function). Never use human NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) - they are highly toxic to dogs.
4. **Supplements**: Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA from fish oil) have the best evidence for anti-inflammatory effects in OA. Glucosamine/chondroitin have weaker evidence but are safe and may help some individuals. Green-lipped mussel extract is also showing promise.
5. **Other options**: Gabapentin (for nerve pain component), tramadol, corticosteroids (short-term), Librela (monthly anti-NGF injection - similar to Cytopoint but for OA pain), laser therapy, acupuncture, physiotherapy, and hydrotherapy.
Need personalised advice for your pet?
This article provides general guidance. For advice specific to your pet's breed, age, weight, and health history - speak directly with a licensed vet via video call.
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